نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 28، پاییز 1400)

Within the framework of growth and development patterns and theories of endogenous growth and development Sustainable development has a special place and importance. In recent decades, the tourism industry as one of the most important sustainable, efficient and dynamic sources of income and development for countries is known. Attention to the tourism industry, especially in the developing countries according to specific historical and natural cultural attractions should be considered and policy making has been proposed. In this research, it is tried that by considering Economic and characteristic Factors (Indicators of Risk Guidance International Countries ° ICRG ) Developed countries and developing countries were compared in 2000-2016 . The research findings show that the coefficient of estimates of the amount of tourists of the previous period, degree of openness of economy, Transport infrastructure and ICRG characteristic index status have positive and meaningful impact for each group of countries so that characteristic indicator of ICRG in Developing Countries has more impact. Also the coefficient of estimation of human development index for developed countries is positive and meaningful. General Price Level at Small but negative production countries are significant but in the Developing countries considering the value of National currency in the against the foreign currencies of tourists, this coefficient is very small but is positive and meaningful.

One of the most important challenges that managers face today is decision making and policy in the field of advertising. The field of policy-making is very important as it affects the decisions of most policy makers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a model of tourism advertising policy by emphasizing the role of public organizations. The subject of this research is the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research approach has been mixedmethod. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory method of the foundation is used. In the quantitative part, the structural equation modeling approach using smart-PLS software has been used for data analysis. Finally, macro-level advertising policy-making was categorized based on the concepts obtained in the form of 7 dimensions of targeting, resources and tools, administrative factors, policy-making players, environmental conditions, executive personality and executive skills. Findings from the quantitative part of the research were performed by GOF test, which confirmed the extraction model.

Competitiveness is one of the most important concerns of business in today's dynamic and competitive environment. And in recent years, competition has emerged as an economic concept that has influenced the sustainable development of the travel and tourism industry.

This descriptive-analytical paper seeks to study and strategically explain the drivers of tourism competitiveness in achieving Zanjan province's target markets. In this regard, information was collected through field and library studies. The statistical population includes the whole of Zanjan province with a population of 1011474 and 384 samples were selected by Cochran method. Structural Interaction Analysis and Interactive Interaction Analysis approach using MIC MAC and Scenario Wizard software were used for data analysis.

The findings of the study showed that based on the model of cross-structure analysis of tourism competitiveness, economic security includes e-commerce, ecological diversity, health infrastructure, and economic environment, international relations, transportation, and hotel services. According to the analysis of equilibrium interactions, the most important strategy for enhancing tourism competitiveness is based on the attractiveness of the tourism industry with a +2 coefficient. International Relations and e-commerce development at the international level with constructive coefficient (+1). And the development of health infrastructure with a factor of -1.

In order to develop tourism competitiveness, the existing infrastructure of employment, services and hospitality services as well as political and transport infrastructure should be strengthened.

Event tourism is one of the important motivational factors in tourism, which is important in the development and marketing programs of most regions. If managers at all levels and in all forms of tourism, consider one-dimensional development and develop without considering the stakeholders, they will not be able to create sustainable attractions and achieve various goals. The present study in order to plan regional development and marketing and achieve multidimensional development with the aim of analyzing the dimensions affecting tourists' perception of cultural events using a combined methodology and descriptive-survey method to identify, prioritize and analyze Various dimensions of success have dealt with the factors affecting the perception of tourists.  For this purpose, we analyzed and categorized by help of experts, and through qualitative analysis and conceptualization, the various dimensions presented by previous researches; and extracted dimensions affecting the perception of tourists of the even. Then, by conducting a survey study and using Cochran's formula, we selected 350 tourists participating in the Ferdowsi commemoration event in Mashhad in 1998 as a sample and analyzed Analyzed, categorized and prioritized their perception of how successful the event was and then the dimensions identified by fuzzy TOPSIS method. The final analysis of the components explaining the perception of tourists from the Ferdowsi commemoration event indicates that it is important that interactive-social perception is the most important priority for tourists. In the second place is the importance of personal perception that can show itself in personal satisfaction, good hope and quality of the event

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of brand signature on brand reputation and performance through the dimensions of brand equity in the hotel industry. This research has been descriptive and research has been a survey. The statistical population of the study was all Iranian guests in hotels in Isfahan in the period of February 2016 to the end of May 2017. From this population, a sample of 230 people has been selected by structural equation modeling sampling method. Research sampling method has been available. A questionnaire was used to collect research data. In order to check and confirm the validity of the questionnaire, its content validity has been checked. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, due to the abnormality of data distribution, data analysis was performed through PLS software. The results show that brand signature has a positive and significant effect on brand reputation through three variables of brand equity including brand identity, attitude and brand image. However, the mediating role of brand awareness in this regard has been rejected. The results also show that brand reputation has a positive and significant effect on brand performance.

Today, the tourism industry is considered as an important goal in the development of cities, and it is likely that each city will face certain challenges in achieving its goals. The city of Germi is no exception to this rule and despite its tourism potential, it has not been able to exploit them so far, which seems to be a challenge in this regard. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to identify the challenges facing the development of tourism in Germi. The present study is a descriptive-exploratory study and the statistical population of the research is experts familiar with the tourism industry of Germi city. 10 of them were selected as the statistical sample of the research by snowball method. Also, content analysis method was used for the validity of the research tool, retest method was used for its reliability, and Structural-Interpretive Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were used for data analysis. In this regard, the results show that out of 17 initially identified challenges, 13 challenges in the content validity review stage achieved a CVR of above 0.75 and were identified as the final challenges of Germi city tourism. Also, the leveling of challenges showed that the relevant challenges can be classified into six levels, the challenge of tourism legislation at the lowest level and the economic and social challenges at the highest level, and that the classification They also showed that government and legislative challenges are key challenges in the development of Germi city tourism that have a great impact on its development (with high influence and low dependence

In the recent age of globalization and by the increasing importance of cities and the competition between them, cities seek to ensure their sustainable development and establish their competitive position by finding or creating new resources and competitive advantages. One of these competitive resources and advantages is the creation of cultural and entertainment facilities or organizing special events and festivals. This topic is crucial because the role of events in the development and promotion of their hosts' competitive position as a catalyst for event-led development to provide event facilities and backup infrastructure is proven. In this article, considering the existing issues and problems, as well as the capabilities and facilities of Shiraz to become an eventful city identified by a focus group, the goals of enhancing its competitiveness as a tourism destination have been outlined using the AIDA (Analysis of Interconnected Decision Areas) technique. There is a set of planning goals on the subset of five areas of strategic decisions for an eventful city embracing the city vision, stakeholder relationships, event programming, marketing strategies, and monitoring outcomes and overall sustainability of a local event program. Consequently, strategies are presented in four areas as follows: a) modification of the events' executive and management structures, b) tailoring the events' status and legal structures, c) growing the public awareness, and strengthening the spirit of participation in events, and d) developing and improving the situation of city's resources related to events as well.

Just as other aspects of life’s rituals, costumes and languages, cuisine is believed to be a key cultural element in tourism. Nevertheless, the importance of food tourism attractions in planning tourist destinations has been less studied. This article examines the role of food tourism capacities on the spatial centrality of tourism destinations. To this end, the network analysis approach and Gravity model were applied to the case of Mazandaran province. The spatial interactions of food tourism destinations were determined by the number and variety of tourism attractions and infrastructure and distance of cities as a limiting factor for spatial interactions. Then the degree centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality were calculated using the UCINET software and converted to GIS maps. The results show that food tourism can change the landscape of regional tourism development capacities. The county of Babol has less tourism infrastructure, in comparison with some other counties of Mazandaran Province. However, it has the highest level of food tourism centrality and was the most suitable region for the food tourism development. Also, the most suitable centers for the establishment of food tourism quality monitoring centers and tourism information and guidance centers are the Babol and Amol Counties in the west and the Chalus County in the East part of the Mazandaran province.

Architecture and its features have played an important role in attracting tourists; However, the Collectivization of architecture based on rural heritage in the form of a museum can double the power of this attraction for tourists. Accordingly, this paper aimed to investigate the role of rural houses architecture and its elements (Structural, Functional, Identity, Conceptualism, Aesthetics, Landscape, Powerfully & Uniqueness) in the behavioral intentions of visitors to the Guillan Rural Heritage Museum. The purpose of this research was descriptive-explanatory. The statistical population was the visitors to the museum. According to conditions that reported in Methodology section, the sample size was estimated to be 114 people. Non-probability sampling method was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression test. The findings showed that the architecture and its elements influence the behavioral intentions of the visitors of the Museum. However, the influence of the Landscape, Functional, Aesthetics, Conceptualism elements of architecture, respectively, have the greatest impact on visitors' intentions. In general, what has emerged is that the role of "rural house architecture" in visitors’ "behavioral intentions” of the Museum is stronger than the role of each architectural element in their behavioral intentions and that means that the architectural elements have an additive effect and, in combination, increases the power of their influences.

With the growth and boom of tourism, new needs and demands arise and the demand for existing goods, services and facilities increases. This provides the environment for the creation of new businesses and enhances the entrepreneurial spirit among the villagers, leading to increased investment and the creation of new businesses in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of rural tourism development on micro business boom. The basis of this research based on pragmatism was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field studies were used for data collection. The spatial domain of the research is Barough district which according to the Census of 2016 has 3429 households and 12024 population. The sample of the quantitative phase was based on Cochran formula of 294 rural households and in the qualitative phase semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 saturated interviews. Households were selected from households with small businesses or in tourism and services, and semi-structured interviews with rural managers, business owners, local experts, tourists and business owners. Has been. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlation tests, sample t-test, regression and path analysis and qualitative analysis was used as the basis theory. The results showed that there are different areas for creating new businesses in agriculture, industry, services and tourism in the study area, but the most important business area in this area is the development of services and processing of agricultural products. However, there is a significant relationship between the expansion of rural tourism and the creation of small businesses in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions at 0.05% alpha level. Also, rural tourism development based on the route-analysis technique in non-agricultural jobs such as service jobs with 0.786 beta and rural industries with 0.389 had significant effects and agricultural sector with -0.254 due to dehydration in the region and the decline in production efficiency is lower.

Due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure to create smart tourism and poor planning for the use of technology in the tourism industry, Iran has serious problems in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a smart tourism model in the sports industry. This research is based on the collection of exploratory information and based on the purpose of the type of basic research and has been done using the data theory of the foundation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The participating community consisted of university professors who were familiar with the subject of tourism as well as tourism managers and the method of purposeful sampling with a snowball technique was used. The collected data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, and the final pattern was extracted. The final model consists of a set of central categories, causal conditions, necessary contexts, intervening variables, strategies, and consequences of smart tourism for the sports industry. In general, it can be said that the use of digital tools will bring countless benefits to businesses and activists in the sports tourism industry. Including the development of tourism to reduce reliance on oil and exit the mono-product economy. Also, the sports tourism industry with its unique value chain, on the one hand, is faced with digitally transformed tourists and on the other hand with basic spaces such as the origin of travel, travel route, tourist destination, and its external environment.

Advances in virtual reality technology have had an increasing impact on tourism, changing the way tourists experience a destination or attraction, allowing them to have a more interactive and diverse experience. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality experiences on tourists' experiential advocacy with the mediating role of experiential relationship quality in visiting Axon virtual reality park in Mashhad. This research is descriptive and of the correlational type with emphasis on structural equation modeling. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, data were collected using a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method; The 384 tourists who visited Axon Virtual Reality Park were collected by convenience sampling method. The results of testing hypotheses using SPSS and SmartPLS software indicate that among virtual reality experiences, immersion, interaction and illusion positively influence experiential satisfaction and experiential satisfaction directly and indirectly through experiential loyalty has a positive effect on experiential advocacy. Finally, experiential trust, not directly, but through experiential loyalty, creates experiential advocacy. The results of this study will also assist park and destination management in developing and implementing market-oriented service strategies to increase the dimensions of virtual reality experiences and the dimensions of experiential relationship quality and create experiential advocacy.

Iran has many unique capabilities in the field of food tourism and can compete with many countries in the industry and own a brand of some foods around the world. Therefore the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the success of traction marketing in food tourism. The present study is developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population consists of authentic foreign articles in 5 databases that were accessible to the researcher, including 50 articles related to the research topic, which were selected as samples. The method of sampling was non-random (purposive), and the data collection tools for the study are documents and papers. Validity was assessed by content validity, and reliability was estimated using Kappa coefficient, which was verified. The selected researches were entered into Max Kioda software for codification and were using Max Kioda software. The findings of the study suggest that in order to be successful in pull marketing in food tourism, one must consider food characteristics such as scent and taste, physical evidence like prospect, behind-the-scenes factors such as culture, history and value, ease of travel to destination including access and cost, additional destination services such as guides, mixing activities and hobbies, destination attractions such as food events, shopping areas, dining and catering places, and finally promotional actions such as media and advertising.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the consequences of customer participation in the creation of new products in the tourism industry. Based on the research background and the researches carried out by the researchers, the conceptual model of the research has been formulated and the hypotheses have been determined. In this study, which is a survey-correlation and single-cross sectional study, non-random sampling was done among clients of Schwan Patrol Travel Agency in Kurdistan. Data were collected using a questionnaire and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis and hypotheses analysis. Smart PLS statistical software was used for this purpose. The results of the research hypotheses will determine the relationship between customer participation to create a new product with satisfaction, loyalty, customer cost and speed of innovation. According to the results obtained, the customer participation among the selected variables will have the highest positive effect on tourists satisfaction and then the highest impacts on loyalty, customer costs and innovation speed, respectively.in this study, for the first time in iran, the consequences of customer involvement in the creation of new products and services are addressed in the tourism industry

Smart tourism is known with a focus on meeting the needs of tourists better and more, maximizing tourist satisfaction and improving the effectiveness of resource management using a variety of technologies, which are counted as the most important elements to improve the competitiveness of tourist destinations. This study seeks to investigate the mechanism of smartness impact on the competitiveness of urban tourism destinations in Iran with emphasis on their components. For this purpose, in the first stage, with the method of analyzing archival data, the previous researches were collected and combined, the components and indicators of smartness and competitiveness of tourism destinations measurement were determined, and the findings were validated using the opinion of tourism experts. In the second stage, using the method of structural equation modeling and questionnaire tools, the effect of smartness and its components on competitiveness and its components based on the opinion of experts in the selected twelve urban destinations were investigated. The results showed that all components of smartness except residents/tourists have had a positive and significant impact on competitiveness and have been able to predict 90% of changes in competitiveness. Determining the components and indicators of smartness and competitiveness of urban tourism destinations and ranking the effect of smartness components on the competitiveness and the influence of competitiveness components of the smartness, was been the distinguishing features of this study from previous studies

The purpose of current study was to evaluating the performance of sport tourism association using BSC. The study population included 114 professors and students that all of them were choosing as sample. To collect data performance evaluation questionnaire of the BSC was used. Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire that the reliability for optimal situation was (α= 0/94) and for current situation was (α=0/98), respectively. To analyze data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used, and using the software SPSS 21 was analyzed. The results showed that there were significant = 0/94) and for current situation was (α=0/98), respectively. To analyze data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used, and using the software SPSS 21 was analyzed. The results showed that thpriority between components of this research, and none of the components of the desirable and current situation have desirable conditions. Considering the results, it is recommended to the association its utmost the satisfaction of its customers with long-term plans of the organization to force advertisers and attract other audiences used.